Grow Youthful: How to Slow Your Aging and Enjoy Extraordinary Health
Grow Youthful: How to Slow Your Aging and Enjoy Extraordinary Health

Heart attack

What is a heart attack?

Symptoms of a heart attack

Risk factors for a heart attack

Prevention / remedies / recovery from heart attack

References

What is a heart attack?

Heart attack (myocardial infarction) is the interruption of blood supply to part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. Usually it is caused by the blockage of a coronary artery following the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in the wall of an artery. The resulting restriction in blood supply (ischemia) and shortage of oxygen (hypoxia) damages or destroys heart muscle tissue.

A heart attack is different from but can cause:

Heart disease was the leading cause of death for both men and women worldwide for several decades, (2) and caused 16% of all deaths in 2022. (20)

A heart attack is a life-threatening medical emergency. The immediate action to take is to get urgent medical help.

Symptoms of a heart attack

Approximately one quarter of all heart attacks are silent, without chest pain or other symptoms. (1)

Risk factors for a heart attack

Prevention / remedies / recovery from heart attack

References

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2. World Health Organization (2008). The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-156371-0.

3. Superko HR, Nejedly M, Garrett B. Small LDL and its clinical importance as a new CAD risk factor: a female case study. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 17 (4): 167-73. PMID 12417832.

4. Warnick GR, Knopp RH, Fitzpatrick V, Branson L. Estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by the Friedewald equation is adequate for classifying patients on the basis of nationally recommended cutpoints. January 1990, Clinical Chemistry 36 (1): 15-9. PMID 2297909.

5. Natasha Campbell-McBride. Put your heart in your mouth. Medinform Publishing, 2007.

6. Paul Jaminet & Shou-Ching Jaminet. Perfect Health Diet. Four Steps to Renewed Health, Youthful Vitality, and Long Life. P YinYang Press, 2010.

7. Soudijn W, van Wijngaarden I, Ijzerman AP. Nicotinic acid receptor subtypes and their ligands. May 2007, Medicinal Research Reviews 27 (3): 417-33. PMID 17238156.

8. Rafel Ramos, Marc Comas-Cufi, Ruth Marti-Lluch, Elisabeth Ballo, Anna Ponjoan, Lia Alves-Cabratosa, Jordi Blanch, Jaume Marrugat, Roberto Elosua, Maria Grau, Marc Elosua-Bayes, Luis Garcia-Ortiz, Maria Garcia-Gil. Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in old and very old adults with and without type 2 diabetes: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2018;362:k3359. Published 5 September 2018.

9. Marinka Steur, Laura Johnson, Stephen J. Sharp, Fumiaki Imamura, Ivonne Sluijs, Timothy J. Key, Angela Wood, Rajiv Chowdhury, Marcela Guevara, Marianne U. Jakobsen et al. Dietary Fatty Acids, Macronutrient Substitutions, Food Sources and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease: Findings From the EPIC-CVD Case-Cohort Study Across Nine European Countries. 19 November 2021. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2021;0:e019814.

10. Karacaglar E, Atar I, Altin C, Yetis B, Cakmak A, Bayraktar N, Coner A, Ozin B, Muderrisoglu H. The Effects of Niacin on Inflammation in Patients with Non-ST Elevated Acute Coronary Syndrome. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2015 Mar; 31(2):120-6. doi: 10.6515/acs20140630e. PMID: 27122858; PMCID: PMC4804877.

11. Si Y, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Guo S, Zhai L, Yao S, Sang H, Yang N, Song G, Gu J, Qin S. Niacin inhibits vascular inflammation via downregulating nuclear transcription factor-kB signaling pathway. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:263786. doi: 10.1155/2014/263786. 27 May 2014. PMID: 24991087; PMCID: PMC4058495.

12. Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, Stamler J, Friedman L, Prineas RJ, Friedewald W. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Dec;8(6):1245-55. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80293-5. PMID: 3782631.

13. Berge KG, Canner PL. Coronary drug project: experience with niacin. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;40 Suppl 1:S49-51. PMID: 2044644.

14. Ganji SH, Qin S, Zhang L, Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML. Niacin inhibits vascular oxidative stress, redox-sensitive genes, and monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Jan;202(1):68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.044. Epub 2008 May 9. PMID: 18550065.

15. Britta Kubera, Christian Hubold, Saskia Otte, Ann-Sophie Lindenberg, Irena Zeib, Regina Krause, Mirja Steinkamp, Johanna Klement, Sonja Entringer, Luc Pellerin, Achim Peters. Rise in Plasma Lactate Concentrations with Psychosocial Stress: A Possible Sign of Cerebral Energy Demand. Obes Facts 1 June 2012; 5 (3): 384-392.

16. Verberne AJ, Korim WS, Sabetghadam A, Llewellyn-Smith IJ. Adrenaline: insights into its metabolic roles in hypoglycaemia and diabetes. Br J Pharmacol. 2016 May;173(9):1425-37. doi: 10.1111/bph.13458. Epub 2016 Mar 8. PMID: 26896587; PMCID: PMC4831313.

17. Sibylle Soboll, Roland Scholz. Control of energy metabolism by glucagon and adrenaline in perfused rat liver. June 1986. Institut fiir Physiologische Chemie I, Universitiit DiisseldocL Moorenstr. Volume 205, number 1 FEBS 3914.

18. Calbet JA. Chronic hypoxia increases blood pressure and noradrenaline spillover in healthy humans. J Physiol. 2003 Aug 15;551(Pt 1):379-86. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.045112. Epub 2003 Jul 4. PMID: 12844510; PMCID: PMC2343162.

19. Morand J, Arnaud C, Pepin JL, Godin-Ribuot D. Chronic intermittent hypoxia promotes myocardial ischemia-related ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 14;8(1):2997. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21064-y. PMID: 29445096; PMCID: PMC5813022.

20. World Health Organisation 2023.

21. Howden EJ, Sarma S, Lawley JS, Opondo M, Cornwell W, Stoller D, Urey MA, Adams-Huet B, Levine BD. Reversing the Cardiac Effects of Sedentary Aging in Middle Age-A Randomized Controlled Trial: Implications For Heart Failure Prevention. Circulation. 2018 Apr 10;137(15):1549-1560. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030617. Epub 2018 Jan 8. PMID: 29311053; PMCID: PMC5893372.