Hiccups

Hiccups (hiccough, singultus or synchronous diaphragmatic flutter) are short, sharp intakes of air caused by an involuntary spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm (the muscle at the base of the lungs). The abrupt rush of air into the lungs causes the epiglottis to close, making a "hic" sound. They usually occur several times per minute. In most cases hiccups stop within a few minutes to a few hours. If they continue longer, they should be investigated as they can indicate other illnesses

Hiccups do not normally need treatment. Several home remedies claim to shorten the duration. Chronic hiccups may warrant medical treatment

Hiccups may be caused by injury and trauma, irritation, or toxic or metabolic upsets to various central and peripheral nervous systems

Causes include:

• overeating or eating too fast
• consuming foods that are too hot or too cold
• carbonated drinks
• alcoholic drinks
• smoking
• sudden temperature changes
• shock, nervousness and other emotional factors
• trauma, surgery, lesions
• Persistent hiccups may be associated with alcoholism, bladder irritation, bowel disease, disorders of the stomach or esophagus, liver or kidney diseases, pancreatitis, pleurisy, pneumonia or pregnancy

Remedies include:

• Hold your breath as long as possible, then gradually exhale
• Forcefully breathe in and out of a paper bag 10 times. The increased level of carbon dioxide that you inhale relaxes the muscles of the diaphragm
• Suck a small piece of fresh ginger
• Quickly drink a glass of cool water
• Drink a glass of water with a little sea salt or vinegar in it

Visitor's remedies

Drink upside-down
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Breath control
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Peanut butter
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